Thank you for taking an interest in learning about Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD as it will be referred to from here on out). The goal with this information is to systematically break down CWD as a whole, and to bring awareness to this devastating illness. There will be five points I will focus on with this educational piece:1.) With my background of working in the medical field, I will break down CWD as it pertains to the disease, and explain how the anatomy and pathophysiology of CWD works.2.) I am going to talk about the different known strains in which CWD is a part of, and the host fauna in which they affect.3.) I will explain how the disease affects the host fauna. I will also cover the life cycle of the disease and the signs/symptoms of the illness.4.) I will go over the growing concern of CWD as a health hazard to humans.5.) Finally, I will focus on measures being done to combat this disease and also touch on methods that may not have been considered yet as a possible positive control measure.1.) CWD is a medical condition that is in the family of TSE’s (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy) which is a form of prion disease. Prion is derived from “proteinaceous infectious particle.” It is important to note here, that a prion forms when a regular protein particle folds over and becomes structurally abnormal. Although it is not known scientifically why or how this happens, it is known once this takes place it blocks regular function of cells in which the protein molecule is inside. Pathogens are estimated to have over one trillion individual species, and it is also estimated that less then 99.999% have been discovered. Like bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, prions are their own species of pathogen. This is important to understand because unlike the aforementioned they do not contain any genetic material. Unlike the other well-known pathogens, prions do not require DNA or RNA to form or survive, and therefore are able to spread, infect, and EVOLVE at its leisure. Now I typed evolve that way for a specific reason which will be directly important to this publication later on as you will hopefully see.TSE’s gain their names because of the condition the brain is left in postmortem. TSE’s create countless microscopic lesions in the brain’s tissue, which closely resembles the holes of a sponge. Depending on the area of the brain being infected will determine the symptoms the host will experience. Although TSE’s affect the entire body of the host these small sponge-like holes are only found in brain tissue. This has only recently been discovered by scientists, and it is now known why these lesions create this condition in the tissue of the brain. The protein in question here is known as “PrP”, which directly causes the prion disease in the host. The disease happens when a misfolded version of PrP enters the body and then into a cell which binds with a normal PrP. This is a crucial find as they have discovered once the binding has taken place the normal PrP is forced to convert into misfolding and becomes an abnormal PrP. This is essentially how the disease spreads in the body, literally one cell molecule at a time. This directly correlates to the reason why TSE’s have a rather short onset (time from symptoms appearing to the conclusion of the disease) but a long duration (time from the beginning of the disease to the conclusion of the disease), relatively speaking. Almost all infected hosts do not show signs or symptoms for months to years after the infection has started, however, once symptoms appear mortality is not far behind (we will cover this topic more in the section on the lifecycle of the disease). Finally, there are twenty-one amino acids in the body that bind together to create the thousands of different proteins in the body. Just like origami, they bind and then twist into a certain shape that make up that particular protein. However, when the PrP protein folds into an unrecognizable shape it becomes abnormal in the body and in turn becomes toxic to the cell creating the disease.2.) There are currently 12 known forms of TSE in the family. In this section I am going to cover all forms and how they correlate to the type of fauna they infect. Out of the 12 known species of TSE’s, currently there are 6 found in non-human mammals and there are 6 found in humans. We will start by going over the strains found in other mammals and then finish with the ones that have been discovered to directly infect humans. The first 6 TSE’s are: Scrapie (Sc), Transmissible mink encephalopathy (TME), Chronic wasting disease (CWD), Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), Feline spongiform encephalopathy (FSE), and Exotic ungulate encephalopathy (EUE). On the human side of the disease there is: Kuru (Kuru), Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD), Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (GSS), Fatal familial insomnia (FFI), and Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (VPSPr). It is important to note here that the different strains mentioned above all seem to have a certain species they attack and although they seem to each affect one, they do pose a serious risk to affect all the species in the family whether captive or wild. The subgroup TSE Scrapie (PrPSc), is a prion disease that infects sheep and goats. Although it was discovered almost three hundred years ago, very little is known about this prion. It derives its name from the relentless scratching domestic sheep and goats demonstrate when contracting this illness. In fact, the animal seems to experience an excruciating and unsatisfiable itch to the point they continually rub against objects till they literally rub their own wool off their bodies. In the livestock industry due to the extreme health risks facing the public, when one of these strains is found in and amongst the herds all animals are killed as a precaution to stop the spread of the disease. Unfortunately, because a diagnoses can not be confirmed until after an autopsy has been performed, many animals are found to not have the illness. These strategies have been implemented here in the U.S. and many other places abroad after the mad-cow disease epidemic. Very recently it has been theorized by scientists that in wilderness areas where domestic sheep and goats are able to graze freely, these animals may pose a serious risk of spreading the pathogen to wild bighorn sheep and mountain goats. The subgroup TSE Transmissible mink encephalopathy (PrPTME), is a very rare form of the prion disease that affects farm raised minks. It was first discovered in Wisconsin in the mid 1940’s. The last major outbreak was also witnessed in Wisconsin in the mid 1980’s. However, there have now been confirmed cases in Canada, Finland, Germany, and the former Soviet Union. Although this illness has never been discovered in a wild specimen, it is extremely important to bring to light the fact that experimental infections have been conducted and successfully established in raccoons, striped skunks, ferrets, American pine martens, and beech martens. I feel it would be safe to conclude after seeing how many different members of the Mustelidae family have successfully been infected, most if not all members of the family could be susceptible to the disease (otters, wolverines, and fishers) to name a few more. The subgroup TSE Chronic wasting disease (PrPCWD), is a form of prion disease that directly affects the Cervidae family (deer). It has received the nickname “zombie deer disease.” This is a unique member of the TSE family as it is the reason this publication is being constructed. CWD has been discovered in both farm-raised and wild populations of deer. Many members in the family have been confirmed to carry the pathogen: white-tailed deer, mule deer, red deer, sitka deer, rocky mountain elk, shiras moose, and caribou have all been found to be susceptible to the pathogen. Spread of the disease has been found in the United States, Canada, Norway, and South Korea. Recent research shows a large and rapid spread of the disease here in North America, with 24 states and 2 provinces of Canada confirming cases. The subgroup TSE Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (PrPBSE), is a prion disease that affects cattle. This is the pathogen that has received the nickname “mad cow disease.” This disease gained international fame when it was first discovered in Great Britain in 1986. Between 1986 to 2001 156 people had died after consuming tainted bovine meat. Now although they did not die from BSE, it was directly linked to variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease which is a human form of TSE. We will cover this form of TSE when we go over vCJD. The total number of fatal cases of vCJD that is directly linked to consuming beef infected with BSE is now at 231 at the end of 2018. Because of this discovery and the ability for one form of TSE to initiate another, scientist have cautioned to the consumption of suspected CWD infected meat, as the possibility for the disease to initiate vCJD is at a high probability. The subgroup TSE Feline spongiform encephalopathy (PrPFSE), is a rare form of a prion disease that is found in both captive and domestic felines. This form has not been found in a wild specimen, however, scientist do believe that the possibility is likely as the pathogen can easily pass to wild individuals in a captive situation. Researchers note that infected individuals experience ataxia (loss of voluntary coordination) for approximately 8 weeks before the disease became fatal. It is important to note here that FSE was first discovered in Great Britain in 1990 and is directly correlated to BSE. The subgroup TSE Exotic ungulate encephalopathy (PrPEUE), is by far the rarest form of TSE’s found in non-human mammals. In fact, there is only one reported case of an outbreak in history. It took place at a zoo located in Great Britain during the 1990’s and is directly linked to the BSE outbreak. Research showed that consumption of meat and bone meal made up of cattle was ingested by a number of residential animals. The infected animals included all listed species: greater kudu, nyala, gemsbok, common eland, Arabian and Scimitar Oryx, an Ankole-Watusi cow, and an American bison. It is important to note the vast array of species that were directly impacted by BSE. Although many of these animals are not closely related in terms of an evolutionary standpoint, all being of an ungulant or ruminant descent made them all susceptible to the pathogen. The subgroup TSE Kuru (PrPKuru), is our first human form of the prion disease. Kuru is an extremely rare form of the pathogen that has only been found in the south Pacific on the island of Papua New Guinea. It was very common among the indigenous tribe of the Fore people for many years, obviously with the lack of modern scientific study the disease was thought to be that of spirits possessing members of the tribe. They attempted to cure the infected by feeding the sick, pork and casuarinas bark. It was not until 1957 that the theory of cannibalism as the cause of the TSE was suggested. By 1960 Australia banned the practice of cannibalism in that country and the number of Kuru cases steadily decreased over time. It is estimated that roughly 2,700 people contracted and died from the disease between 1957 to 2004. The last fatality from Kuru is believed to be in 2009. The subgroup TSE Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (PrPsCJD), is another form of TSE that infects humans. This disease is found worldwide at an average rate of 1 confirmed case per 1,000,000 people, making it the most common form of the human strains. This disease was first investigated by German neurologist, Hans Gerhard Creutzfeldt in which the subgroup is named for. Later more research was created by Alfons Maria Jakob, in which the name was expanded. This form of the disease is the most common of the human forms of TSE’s and in turn have led to recent discoveries of variant forms of this disease. This form tends to not show symptoms until approximately the age of 60 in the infected person. It is strongly believed most people are infected by medical surgeries where infected tissue is surgically implanted into the new host. The subgroup TSE Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (PrPvCJD), also known as new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, is a relatively new discovered form of the prion disease (PrPsCJD). This pathogen rose to fame when it was discovered that consuming beef infected with BSE would raise the chances of forming PrPvCJD exponentially. Since its discovery there have been less than 250 confirmed cases worldwide, and most of these were located in Great Britain during the “mad cow disease” outbreak during the 1990’s and early 2000’s. However, it is important to note here there has been a discovery that unlike sporadic CJD, vCJD does show prions in the bloodstream of the host and it is transmittable through blood transfusions. Due to this finding the UK has put a ban on blood transfusions from anybody who has had one since 1980. It is believed that these transfusions have already infected others early on, and although the total number of deaths stemming from BSE (231) could rise exponentially due to the transmission of blood. The US also has bans on people donating blood from anyone who spent at least 6 months time in certain European countries and 3 months in the UK between 1980 to 1996. New Zealand, Ireland, France, Germany, and Canada all have very similar restrictions on blood donors due to the high risk of spreading the disease. The subgroup TSE Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome (PrPGSS), is an extremely rare form of the prion disease and is only found in a few families around the world. The reason this form is only found in a few families around the world is because it is exclusively hereditary. Very little is known about this disease as it is so rare. It is important to note that this form of prion, unlike other forms, is able to be diagnosed through genetic testing. The subgroup TSE Fatal insomnia (PrPFFI), is also an extremely rare form of prion and is also mainly hereditary. This form of the pathogen is unique in that the person experiences a chronic case of insomnia. This form of the disease is long-term however, once symptoms appear death usually follows within a couple months to a few years. There are two separate forms of the disease; autosomal dominant inherited form “fatal familial insomnia (FFI)”, and “sporadic fatal insomnia (sFI)”. The first recorded case was of a man who died in Venice, Italy in 1765. The subgroup TSE Variably protease-sensitive prionopathy (PrPVPSPr), is the rarest form of TSE in the human strains discovered thus far. It is like CJD, so much so in fact only recently were they broken into their own subgroups. The two have been separated because this form is less sensitive to digestion unlike CJD. It also shows up on average about 10 years later then CJD, where it affects people around age 70 with a family history of dementia.3.) Prions are one of those ailments that affect both humans and non-human mammals the same. Although there are minor differences between each of the forms, they do all show the same major signs and symptoms. As the structurally abnormal protein molecule becomes part of the living cell, it immediately starts to negatively impact it. The cell is unable to process both water and fuel being transported by the blood stream. This in turn literally renders the cell useless and death of the cell soon follows. As stated before science is still unable to figure out why these proteins fold in this particular manor, and are also unable to explain why other cells are infected by the diseased cell. As the first cell is infected, it spreads to others around it. One moves to four, four moves to sixteen, and spreads faster and faster throughout the body. Unfortunately science has still not figured out how the disease starts out in the host, and how it seems to navigate its way to the central nervous system (CNS) where it is most prolific post mortem.As stated before the pathogen does affect multiple organs throughout the body, however, it is without question most prolific inside the brain. Once symptoms appear, it unfortunately begins an accelerated downhill spiral for the host. The longest life expectancy seen out of the 6 human subgroups is variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which ends around 14 months. The shortest life expectancy is seen in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and can be as short as 6 months once the first symptoms appear. It is important to note here, that about 10% to 20% of people infected with CJD can live up to 2 years or more. However, no matter the span of time, death is certain to follow.Signs and symptoms vary by disease and by individual. In some cases they may take only months to appear, while in most other cases they take years to develop. Although there are some symptoms that are unique to subgroups, the vast majority are shared between species and subgroups. Here are the most common symptoms that are observed in patients and animals with prion disease. Due to the acceleration of the disease, rapid development of dementia (ataxia) has a rare speed at which it reaches max potential. Patients experience severe dementia in just a few months. Many show the same signs in as little as 3 to 6 months, as an Alzheimer's patient sees after years of suffering from the disease. Some patients are noted to decline to the point of a coma, till finally, death ensues. One of the most obvious symptoms of a TSE infection is an altered gait. In the later stages of the disease, the host shows signs of struggling to keep a steady gate, and as the pathogen continues to attack the body the host will eventually find it impossible to stand. An almost seizure like jerk will start to form in the extremities of the host. The uncontrollable jerking and shaking will mimic extreme cases of Parkinson's disease, and just like the dementia, it will rapidly form throughout the entire body. Many patients before death are observed experiencing hallucinations throughout the symptoms stage of the illness. They vary from minor to severe in some cases. Muscle stiffness is also expressed by patients; they describe extreme tightness and pain in the extremities, and later on throughout the entire body.One of the earliest symptoms to arise in patients is confusion. Unfortunately, this symptom is seen in many different ailments and is rendered impossible to diagnose as a TSE infection. Another early symptom patients experience is muscle fatigue. This rapidly spreads throughout the body, and eventually rendering the host immobile. One extremely hard to diagnose symptom is the impairment of speech (aphasia). Patients experience difficulty in speaking, and present with stroke like symptoms, which makes a diagnosis all but impossible. The patient's ability to speak quickly declines within a couple months, and eventually the patient is unable to talk at all.Finally, all patients who find themselves living long enough eventually experience complete blindness. This is due to the relentless attack of the prions on the entirety of the brain. Over time the hindbrain, like the rest of the brain, experiences extreme damage. Located in the hindbrain is the occipital lobe, this is the part of the brain that processes what you see with your eyes. As this part of the brain is severely damaged, you eventually lose your ability to see, ultimately becoming completely blind.The last part I would like to cover in this section is the life cycle of each subgroup of prion diseases. Unfortunately, this section is very simple to cover. This is due to the fact that all forms of TSE’s have the exact same life cycle as one another. A prion can not be killed! It is important to remember that you can not kill something that is not alive. Heat, boiling, acid, alcohol, and even direct radiation can not destroy a prion. It has actually been discovered, infected brains that have been sitting in formaldehyde for decades, can still transmit the prion disease just as easily as the day before it was placed in the liquid.To take away from this section… ALL FORMS OF PRION DISEASE ARE 100% FATAL!ALL FORMS OF PRION DISEASE CAN NOT BE DESTROYED!4.) As CWD’s impact on North American deer populations becomes better understood, the increase of public concern grows daily. As of today the spread of the deadly TSE disease is found much further throughout the North American Continent then previously presumed. With CWD being found in 24 states and 2 Canadian provinces, it is no longer a question on if CWD can spread, but at what rate is it spreading. And now with the new title given to the outbreak of “zombie deer disease”, it is no wonder why there is a growing concern for human health risks. I have to admit after the last handful of years I have spent studying CWD and its close subgroup relatives, I do feel the concern is not only valid, but a true threat to human health. As you can understand after reading through this publication, the fact that so many subgroup members have been able to make successful jumps through species is a true testament to the likely possibility of it being able to cross into our species. This argument gains a substantial amount of traction when you take into account out of the 12 known subgroups, 6 are found in humans. This already gives us a huge disadvantage when it comes to coming in contact with the other 6 subgroups. So, how likely are we to contract a TSE from CWD?Well let’s take a look at what research and history has discovered for us. Although yes, nobody has been diagnosed with a human form of a TSE from a CWD infected individual, there are nearly countless examples of how that day may just be around the corner. No evidence is stronger than the long string of breakouts in Great Britain during the 1986-2001 deadly “mad-cow disease” epidemic. During the outbreak of BSE in the English countryside, thousands of cattle were found to be infected. In fact, a total of 180,000 cases are reportedly confirmed. Because of this outbreak, and the inevitable spread of the disease, a record 4.4 million cattle were killed to combat the onslaught of the disease. During that time, many groundbreaking discoveries were established: FSE is discovered in felines and directly traced back to BSE. EUE is also discovered, and astonishingly 8 different species were infected by consuming meal made up of beef cattle contaminated with BSE. However, no discovery can hold a torch next to what is undoubtedly the greatest and most horrifying discovery of that time. The discovery of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease was the smoking gun researchers and scientists had feared. It was unmistakably proven to be directly linked to the consumption of beef from animals infected with BSE. This was a turning point for people, as we had just likely created a bridge to which BSE and more importantly other unknown TSE’s could enter our bodies. I can still remember the world-wide scare that stemmed from the news reports, which almost felt weekly on “mad-cow disease” throughout the 1990’s. And it is important to remember that because this illness has no cure, and is always 100% fatal, there was all the reason in the world to fear this disease. However, as the mad-cow disease outbreak has been our most notorious run in with human forms of TSE’s, it is surely not our only. It is believed that here in the U.S. a few cases of vCJD can be directly linked to the consumption of squirrel brains in Kentucky and New York. Although to most, this may sound like a barbaric practice still in use today, it is actually considered a delicacy in Kentucky. Although it has not been proven, it is strongly hypothesised that a form of “mad-squirrel disease” can be likely. The evidence for this is that a few cases of consuming squirrel brains has parcurally turned up with the patient dying from vCJD or sCJD. Is it possible to think that CWD can and has made its way into our squirrel populations? Although no research has yielded such a find, it stands to reason that if other animals outside the deer family can successfully contract CWD, then in turn so might a squirrel.As I had touched on slightly, previously in this piece, it just so happens other animals outside the deer family have been identified as being able to harbor the pathogen. Even though there are no confirmed cases of CWD transferring to a human, it does need to be stressed that experimental infections have been positively identified as successfully infecting squirrel monkeys and mice injected with human genes. This is important to focus on as it has been determined that although we are more closely related to great apes than monkeys, and more specifically the chimpanzee where we share 96% of our DNA, we do share a rather important feature with monkeys. In both old world and new world species (squirrel monkeys being in the new world) we share many aspects of our brain’s thought processes with them. When it comes to language control and complex thought processes, our brains have very similar connectivity. It must stand to argue that two species who share the most crucial organ when it comes to any TSE, that if one can be infected by CWD, then the other stands a tremendous chance of being subjected to the same fate. It is interesting that mice who have been tested without introduced genes do not show symptoms of CWD, however, mice injected with Cervid genes or human genes did end up dying from injections of CWD after. Further research is being done on these findings. One last interesting fact I would like to point out for this section: Throughout history, it has been seen over and over again that diseases have an innate ability to change or EVOLVE (as stated in the beginning of this publication) with time to best suit their needs for survival. And recently in history terms, medical research has been able to prove this theory time and time again with many different diseases. For example, here is a very short list naming diseases that have been medically proven to change or evolve to attack a different host for a higher probability of survival: Influenza, cancer, sepsis, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Escherichia coli (E. Coli), clostridium difficile colitis (C-Diff), Smallpox, Plague, Malaria, Tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS, Cholera, Rabies, Pneumonia, Marburg, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), Dengue, Yellow Fever, Hantavirus, Anthrax, Pertussis (whooping cough), Tetanus, Meningitis, Syphilis, Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Leprosy, Measles, Zika virus, Ebola, and of course TSE’s.This short list of 30 are all unique in that they all have special characteristics; whether it be adaptation, high immunity, extremely contagious, or impossible to treat. This list lights up the walkway to all other pathogens that have their own unique abilities to survive. Just remember, history and science has proven time and time again that CWD has a real possibility of finding a way to infect humans.5.) Finally in our last section we are going to cover what is being done to mitigate this problem, and more importantly what is potentially not being done to prevent this issue. Unfortunately this section is not going to be long. With not having a cure, and even more importantly very little understanding of the disease, there is not much that can be done to combat this illness. As of today the importance of finding where the disease is located is almost dire for the federal government, as growing concern for human health and safety is coming into question. This is evident here in my home state of Colorado, where the epicenter for this disease is located in the city of Fort Collins, Colorado. Because of this issue scientist and federal employees are doing studies on CWD and trying to see how many Cervids are infected in the state. They are conducting these studies by implementing required check-ins of harvested Cervids in 31 game units where the pathogen is most likely to be found. This has many hunters including myself nervous, as 3 of these required units are ones that my family has hunted for years. The game management units that are requiring check-ins are areas selected because the deer in these units have a high probability of being infected. It is also important to note here, that the government is no stranger to the skill of passing along warnings without creating a panic. It is interesting to think that we are not instructed to stop consuming meat because it has harmful bacteria growing on it, we are simply reminded to heat the particular protein to a given temperature depending on what it is. However, when it comes to CWD people are strongly urged to not consume meat from animals that test positive for the pathogen. This is also witnessed with food items that test positive for salmonella, and E. coli, simple heeds of warnings to stay away from food items with deadly diseases. So it stands to reason that although no tests have yielded a confirmed case of CWD transmission, the government is taking steps to hopefully prevent one. Which in turn, shows that science may have shown significant signs in the probability of a possible exposure risk.To date, the only way to combat CWD is to identify an individual via an autopsy, then assume others in the heard are infected, and kill all members to help insure the unlikelihood of the disease spreading to neighbouring herds.Although this is one way to combat the disease, as history has shown us over the last 50 years, it is not a very effective measure to eradicate the growing problem. So what other options do we have? Medically we can not diagnose it, and even if we could we can not medically treat it. We still do not fully understand how the disease spreads from one individual to another. So what other options are there if we are being faced with something we do not fully understand? Maybe the answer lies outside of us? Maybe the answer was in front of us all along? What if we were the ones who actually stopped the process already in place to combat CWD, and in turn allowed it to run rampant? It would not be difficult to find countless examples of humans doing just that. Our entire history is built upon a foundation and building blocks of mistakes and ignored signs of inevitable consequences. So what if the answer is for us to step back? What if the answer is to take our hands completely out of it? We as a species have a nearly unstoppable urge to interfere with the natural balance of life. This has been witnessed for years in countless examples of people deciding what is best for our planet, and our choices are founded on group votings and expert guesses. Although this does work in certain situations, when it comes to the natural balance of life, evidence shows us we do more harm than good. Let us look back on history for a perfect example. It is believed that we have had 5 major extinction level events on earth over the last 2 to 3 billion years. The last one was 65 million years ago with the dinosaurs. Today however, scientists around the world agree that humans are causing the 6th mass extinction. It is a well known fact in the science community that animals averaged 1 to 5 species going extinct per year pre-modern era. However, over the last 500 years, scientist have discovered that we have accelerated this number by more than 1000 percent. This equates to 1000 to 5000+ species going extinct each year directly caused by human interference. So it is not hard to understand the fact that once again we upset the natural balance of things. By taking out nature’s remedy for CWD we have allowed it to spread without a method of controlling the numbers.Wolves are an extremely unique apex predator here in America. In fact they are arguably the most important apex predator in North America. As a natural pack hunter they are able to boast some very impressive successful hunting numbers. However, their success rate is still well below their miss rate. In fact, most packs are well under a 10% success rate for hunting. Only a few top packs see their species highest success rates of 14% which are actually, very high percentages for a predator. However, when you consider their miss rate is at over 85%, these are horrible odds for keeping full bellies and not having to experience starvation periods. Wolves do however have one hunting tactic on their side. Wolves have been studied and found to be opportunistic hunters. Unlike cougars who are ambush predators, wolves often overwatch herds of elk and deer. While they watch, they pick out an individual from the herd as the target animal. As they split up and attack, they work together to split that one from the rest of the herd. Cohesion from the rest of the pack is obvious as all know their roll, and all have the same target locked. This is a tactic seen in most pack hunters; lions and wild dogs are just a couple of other examples. As studies on these hunts progressed, it was obvious they were commonly picking out weak or vulnerable individuals that were suffering either from injuries or illnesses.By eliminating weaker individuals, they insure the survival of the prey by keeping the stronger genes in the herds. By knowing these facts, it is safe to assume animals infected with CWD are regularly targeted by wolves as they are an easier target for the pack. If you do a simple google search for a CWD map, you are able to see dozens of examples of where CWD has been confirmed in the U.S. As it’s visible in many CWD maps that are accessible on the internet, eastern Wyoming, western Nebraska, and much of the state of Colorado show high infection rates. I would like to point out one interesting fact: western Wyoming, western Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon show lower and in most areas zero confirmed cases. All these areas are housing healthy populations of wolves right now, and in most areas are also seeing no rise and even a decline in confirmed CWD cases. Colorado sticks out like a sore thumb on the map, with confirmed CWD throughout much of the state. So would Colorado benefit from reintroducing wolves back to the state? Well you have to ask yourself, is it just a freak coincidence that within 25 years after the last wolf was killed in Colorado CWD was discovered in Fort Collins? As new maps have surfaced and the true expanse of the disease can finally be fully realized, it is safe to assume CWD spread quicker than researchers expected. When wolves were reintroduced in Wyoming in the mid 1990’s CWD was almost undoubtedly in the state, and CWD has been found in every county of Wyoming. However, confirmed cases have been happening at a higher rate on the eastern plains of Wyoming more so than in the higher elevations. In Montana, CWD has only been found on the eastern half of the state. In the areas where wolves are found CWD is less prevalent. As previous prion diseases have shown, CWD stands a strong chance of crossing over to livestock, and even humans, this demonstrates the benefit Colorado would receive from the reintroduction of the wolf.We should exhaust all possibilities of success from CWD before we have to take extreme measures as witnessed in Great Britain. In reference to CWD, if Colorado’s ecosystem could benefit from the reintroduction of the wolf then the health and safety of Colorado’s communities would in turn benefit from it as well. To myself as a Colorado hunter and rural landowner, who is witnessing what I personally feel is a greater threat to mine and more importantly my families future of hunting, I feel it would be beneficial to reintroduce the wolf. Whether you are a hunter, avid outdoorsman, or someone who lives in or close to areas of CWD, let’s do each other and our communities a favor and try a tactic mother nature implemented for herself millions of years ago. If it is going to keep my hunting, my livestock, and my family safe… I will choose the wolf!

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Keynote Speaker of 2018

Devin Jaffe

of Nature's Educators

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